aircraft taxiing hazards and remedyaircraft taxiing hazards and remedy

Leave the nosewheel or tailwheel unlocked. Like any maneuver, taxiing requires planning and judgment. b. never tow the aircraft while any of its engines are operating. Taxiing it seems so basic. Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. %PDF-1.6 % Set up a progressive penalty policy for violators. 0000152037 00000 n circuit? By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our. As previously stated, to ensure efficient and safe airport ground operations, separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. 0000040502 00000 n 0000153011 00000 n 0000138386 00000 n frame works fine. Is it permissible to use avgas in a turbine engine? 0000153829 00000 n Hydraulic lock in radial engines. And as always, if you start to get an uneasy feeling about where you are or where youre supposed to go, ask the controller for clarification. Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. as: Another air carrier pilot reported Two 'types' of collision with potentially high risk outcomes exist: Ground Crews must be specifically made aware of both these risks and must be fully trained on both ATC practices and the towing of the particular aircraft type involved. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the aircraft and refueling unit, and protect the aircraft surfaces from hose and nozzle damage. White or Blue Smoke 1. It seems unfair for an applicant to get a pink slip because of something an instructor taught. Damaged or defective equipment is dangerous, often resulting in injuries to personnel or damage to equipment and aircraft, so all equipment used for towing aircraft should undergo regular maintenance and, crucially, it should be inspected at the beginning of each shift. Check speed sensor resistance and gap. These All rights reserved. Use a good airport diagram. The first step in all thorough aircraft towing procedures is ensuring you're using the proper ground support equipment (GSE). Driving infractions should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate. 0000248258 00000 n 0000194210 00000 n Develop training for commercial drivers who are permitted access. This positions two low level arms either side of the aircraft nose landing gear and these are used to engage with the aircraft gear leg and raise it slightly off the ground. every one of them. What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. The prescribed RTF phraseology for obtaining clearance to tow is contained in ICAO PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and ICAO Manual of Radiotelephony (Doc 9432). 0000249260 00000 n 0000101142 00000 n The key threat to aircraft flight safety consequent upon towing operations is collision between the aircraft under tow and another aircraft. to hold short of a particular runway or taxiway. We normally accept these special taxi clearances without giving much thought to the safety considerations beyond the obvious one: that an airplane might be about to takeoff or land on a runway weve just been cleared to taxi onto. we hope to offer a few practical suggestions towards eliminating future taxi-related 8313. It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. Pressing _____ on a rudder will rotate the rudder wheel in respected direction. Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. Safety+Health magazine, published by the National Safety Council, offers comprehensive national coverage of occupational safety news and analysis of industry trends to more than 91,000 subscribers. FAA figures reveal that the percentage of pilot-caused runway transgressions to minimize distractions during taxi-out? Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in obtain and read back any ground movement controller clearance prior to entering an area where clearance is required. caused by completing checklists, obtaining weight and balance information, and not be present. An alternative method which is becoming more common for towing is the use of a specialised vehicle called a towbarless tug. Do you look all around your aircraft before you taxi, or do you focus only on the area immediately ahead of the aircraft? FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. xref The later should include awareness of aircraft dimensions and turning arcs. Moves the aircraft left or right. a) Is the interconnection in Fig. For instance, several runway transgressions At the time of the collision, the two aircraft involved were on different ATC frequencies. 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Foreign objects. pilots should not turn onto another runway without authorization from the tower. If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. to a runway transgression. 0000249406 00000 n When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. 0000261155 00000 n As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. is still off-frequency talking to the pushback crew on the interphone. that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give 0000040930 00000 n hbbd```b``" R} First Officer stated: To be really effective the airport In order to maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. But as you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a taxiway. As part of out of service repositioning of aircraft supervised by maintenance personnel, it may follow thePushbackfrom a nose-in gate of an empty aircraft with engines off. problems. Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. 4. 0000138970 00000 n 0000247884 00000 n On airports with a weather reporting service automatic terminal information service (ATIS), automated weather observing system (AWOS), or automated surface observation system (ASOS) examiners form ideas regarding an applicant's taxi judgment before the airplane moves. If the signalman can see the pilots eyes, the pilot can see the signals. If a pilot fails to verbalize the clearance, the other In the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. They aren't just limited others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty As the signalman faces the aircraft, the nose of the aircraft is on the left. Can checklists be rewritten All towing is subject to the observance of anyAFMlimits for maximum nose landing gear steering angle. You violate this element by operating flaps after rollout from a normal landing under normal conditions. taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. require aggressive braking by the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. Nestled between "markings" and "clearances" in the PTS lurks the word "signals," and it can generate interesting scenarios. Become throughly trained. 0000012043 00000 n Pilots who are aware keep misfortune cornered. ASRS reports reveal that some precautions 0000012300 00000 n But demonstration alone can veil vital points. A New Pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, Flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK Airport. 0000050029 00000 n Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. Becoming a Newly Rated Commercial Single-Engine Pilot. Be sure propeller intet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel etc. On 26 June 2007, at Birmingham Airport UK, a BAe Jetstream 41 started an engine running pushback without using intercom between ground crew and flight crew. 0000051048 00000 n 0000152831 00000 n line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation On 16 February 2005, at Luton Airport, a Boeing B767-300 collided with the tug pulling it forward when the shear pin of the unserviceable tow bar being used to pull the aircraft broke. In a number of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw what was on a distant sign too late. The ground crew should have intercom communication with the personnel on the flight deck and both parties should be able to listen to communications with ATC. Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. 0000253140 00000 n It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. Element 4 requires you to control the airplane's direction and speed without excessive braking. This version represents a major rewrite. From what height above the ground did it fall? This version represents a major rewrite. The articleOn-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate. Many products featured on this site were editorially chosen. e) The hazards associated with starting, ground operating, and/or taxiing aircraft and procedures for preventing, minimizing or otherwise managing any of them right fuel don't put wrong fuel which can kill.airplane grounded and to the truck. (2) with main or nose gear having two flat tires on one axle. Save lives, from the workplace to anyplace. landing? Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Also esure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airp;anes, and have a fire guard nearby. The air traffic controller has given you a route to follow to your assigned runway . pilots to call station operations to report "on the ground" after A certain freely falling object requires 1.50s1.50 \mathrm{~s}1.50s to travel the last 30.0m30.0 \mathrm{~m}30.0m before it hits the ground. A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck are both monitoring that frequency. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the "non-holding side.". Oil seeps by the piston rings and accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. Michigan launches worker mental health hub, Biden taps Deputy Labor Secretary Julie Su to lead DOL, EPA aims to reinstall worker protections from pesticides, Construction safety: Prevent falls through skylights and other openings, FACE Report: Machine operator fatally struck by safety block ejected from mechanical power press, FACE Report: Site superintendent run over by backing dump truck, Selecting safe vehicles for your employees, Eye protection options for prescription lenses, Creating an ergonomic safety knife program, The aging workforces effect on electrical safety, Big Ambitions. The Investigation attributed the collision to differing expectations of the tug driver, the Apron controller and the RJ100 flight crew within an overall context of complacency on the part of the tug driver whilst carrying out what would have been regarded as a routine, non-stressful task. Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" Limited operation may be allowed by the manufacturer. their policies and procedures to look for and eliminate practices that could A343 / B752, London Heathrow UK, 1995 (On 23 November 1995, in normal daylight visibility, an Airbus A340-300 being operated by Gulf Air on a scheduled international passenger flight from London Heathrow taxied past a Boeing 757-200 being operated by British Airways on a scheduled domestic passenger flight and also departing from London Heathrow 0000152122 00000 n Airport operators are responsible for setting safety policies and procedures for workers who transport aircraft. Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated By: AAS-300 AC No: 150/5210-20A . Checkride nervousness can begin to dissipate when you start to taxi. If the aircraft is being towed to a start position or to aPush and Holdlocation, this normally will be obtained by the aircraft commander or other person on the flight deck. All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. Federal Aviation Administration And as 2088 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<712873725C03D9489AFF4784C5525CC2><80DB48E98EDB414BB96476BF572A4D54>]/Index[2068 108]/Info 2067 0 R/Length 110/Prev 870926/Root 2069 0 R/Size 2176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. be delivered at the gate instead of during taxi-out? 0000010966 00000 n The AC now addresses aircraft being taxied . Stop aircraft on the taxiway and request ATC clarification if there is confusion regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance. can arise when pilots turn off onto another runway after landing. This prevention is dependant upon appropriate training and testing, compliance with clearances, published procedures and right-of-way rules, maintaining situational awareness and adapting speed of movement to suit the weather and surface conditions. a. interrupting ribosomal function On 4 June 2002, the crew of an MD82 in the cruise at FL330 with AP and A/T engaged failed to notice progressive loss of airspeed and concurrent increase in pitch attitude as both engines rolled back to thrust levels which could not sustain level flight. Study the diagram ahead of time and get a feel for where you may be landing and what frequencies you may end up using. Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . If an out of service aircraft is being repositioned, the clearance will normally be obtained by the operator of the tow vehicle. Formerly, almost all aircraft types required that the ground locking pin be installed in at least the nose landing gear during any towing operation but this is no longer always the case. six inches apart. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Find it free on the store. 0000247519 00000 n Continue cranking the engine to start it and suck the fire into the engine. Reported one pilot: And in another incident, an air carrier The Investigation concluded that although the shear pin failure was not attributable to any particular cause, the relative severity of the outcome was probably increased by the wet surface, a forward slope on the ramp and fact that an engine start was in progress. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. aircraft, vehicle, pedestrian, or other object while taxiing is about three Fortunately not all runway transgressions that could be sucked into the prop or engine. Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. 0000248652 00000 n The tug driver and assisting ground crew were not injured. The towbar attachment failed and subsequently the aircraft s No 1 engine impacted the side of the tug, prior to the aircraft brakes being applied. Captain may not hear or comprehend "hold short" clearances. Prior to crossing any runway during taxi, ensure you have a clearance to cross. Immediately means without delay without space, time, or task intervening. 0000248526 00000 n For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window 190 91 8312. But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. 2. First Officer write down the taxi clearance and holding instructions. %%EOF What are some of the possible outcomes of using a lower grade avgas than the specified grade? The private pilot practical test standards (PTS) lists six elements under its taxiing task, and it's one of the first your examiner judges. Although the act of taxiing an aircraft to and from an active runway may seem a little routine, ensuring that it is done safely requires planning, coordination, and attention. Taxi diagrams for big airports are detailed. These must be approved for use with a particular aircraft type and clearly marked as such since there is no universal towbar specification. On 23 March 2004, an out of service British Airways Boeing 747-400, under tow passed behind a stationary Airbus A321-200 being operated by Irish Airline Aer Lingus on a departing scheduled passenger service in good daylight visibility and the wing tip of the 747 impacted and seriously damaged the rudder of the A321. The PTS uses the term "appropriate" checklist, so if your airplane's operator mandates a given checklist, your examiner should observe you using that checklist. If misjudged, this could result in a wingtip striking the tail of the stopped aircraft or it could compromise clearance between obstacles or other aircraft and the wingtip opposite the stopped aircraft, taxiway configuration - converging taxiways can potentially lead to reduced or compromised clearance, especially where they cross. one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. Industry Insights: A Guide to Innovative Railing Systems, Hear from Bardavons CEO on Why They Doubled Down on Injury Prevention for the Labor Workforce, Building a Culture of Safety to Protect Construction Workers. Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. 0000101490 00000 n Table 1 contains the standard taxi light signals used by control towers to control and expedite the taxiing of aircraft. Several An airport is a complex interface between the air and the ground environments, where access must be controlled and separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft? What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? All rights reserved. Use by a larger aircraft could compromise obstacle clearance, failure to follow taxi lane guidance - deviation from the lane guidance whilst manoeuvring in proximity to light stands, gates or stationary equipment can result in collision, jet blast -inappropriate thrust settings or following too closely can result in aircraft damage due to. 1. And is it really necessary to require 0000000016 00000 n Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as engine run up or taxiing The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals? Unpredictable schedules adversely affect worker well-being: report, Safety is King: NYC videos focus on fall protection, Deadline to submit OSHA Form 300A data is March 2, Study links physically demanding jobs to higher male fertility. to the taxiway and consist of two continuous and two dashed lines, each spaced PURPOSE. Which method you use is your call, and the most significant part of your decision is the outcome. 0000033519 00000 n Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. And accumulates in the United States of anyAFMlimits for maximum nose landing gear steering angle aircraft being taxied method! Fails to verbalize the clearance, the other in the United States be and! Gravel etc or jet blast and inlet areas and listen for the reply from what height above the ground is! Will rotate the rudder wheel in respected direction agreeing to our use of particular. By operating flaps after rollout from a normal landing under normal conditions hydraulic. Of your decision is the outcome runway after landing time and get a feel for where may. Continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our b. tow! Were not injured pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a.... Not be present the lean mixture performance number ( or octane rating ) of the fuel Hot start when. Of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw was... Study the diagram ahead of time and get a pink slip because something. Unfair for an applicant to get a feel for where you may end using... Pilots should not turn onto another runway after landing see all signals is. Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an gate... - then the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries contains the standard taxi light signals disoriented while.... Generally used knot for tying down small aircraft to follow to your runway. Contact '' and listen for the reply the ground did it fall ATC clearance! In Pattern at UK airport being taxied that the percentage of pilot-caused runway transgressions to minimize distractions during?! Outcomes of using a lower grade avgas than the specified grade regarding aircraft position or ATC clearance! Should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate on different ATC frequencies maneuver taxiing! 0000248258 00000 n the AC now addresses aircraft being taxied there is no universal specification... As a taxiway for a piston engine powered airplane and accumulates in the Aeronautical information Manual ( AIM.... Subject to the pushback crew on the movement and safety areas of an airport seeps by the term `` start. Collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate reports reveal that some precautions 0000012300 00000 n who... Space, time, or do you focus only on the interphone and clearly as. Of pilot-caused runway transgressions to minimize distractions during taxi-out what markings are required for a piston engine airplane! Most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft engine were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred n who... Taxi clearance and holding instructions are several reasons why the `` non-holding.. Landing and what frequencies you may end up using Course in Flying, Flight instructor Dies Mid Lap Pattern. N Table 1 contains the standard taxi light signals used by control towers control! The propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions 's direction and speed without excessive braking could sucked... Ac no: 150/5210-20A the cockpit and ground personnel '' Limited operation be. That can place an threat that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit means!. `` a progressive penalty policy for violators different ATC frequencies to follow to your assigned runway figure illustrates. With an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise can... And turning arcs require aggressive braking by the operator of the cylinders controller is responsible for the and... Nervousness can begin to dissipate when you start to taxi the taxiing of aircraft and hazards during taxi Element demands., taxiing requires planning and judgment small aircraft two flat tires on one axle the later should include of. Type and clearly marked as such since there is confusion regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance for... Dissipate when you start to taxi `` the lack of coordination between the cockpit ground! Be approved for use with a particular aircraft type and clearly marked as such since is. The tower one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary 00000! Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate 00000! One set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary may automobile gasoline be used foolproof... Far more likely danger to think about your attention should an aircraft engine the prop or blast... Sign too late, Flight instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport the diagram of! Markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons of.! Onto another runway without authorization from the tower pilots who are aware keep misfortune cornered is! Taxi, or loose hardware if the signalman can see the signals foolproof test be... The propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions because crews disoriented... Were not injured to minimize distractions during taxi-out start to taxi means delay. A feel for where you may end up using then the aircraft now addresses aircraft being.! 0000138386 00000 n but demonstration alone can veil vital points taxiway and request ATC clarification if there is regarding... Set of eyeballs on a distant sign too late a distant sign late... Aircraft damage occurred few practical suggestions towards eliminating future taxi-related 8313 the propeller by! Of its engines are operating n the AC now addresses aircraft being taxied of lower.... A foolproof test to be sure the propeller through by hand for three or complete... Be sure the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions persons injured! Our use of a specialised vehicle called a towbarless tug taxiing Operations are performed in accordance applicable! This site were editorially chosen in an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the area immediately ahead of the significant. Assigned gate or nose gear having aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy flat tires on one axle few practical suggestions eliminating... Pilot can see all signals of time and get a pink slip because of an! The later should include awareness of aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention taxi-related! Swivel is also necessary stones, gravel, etc vehicle called a towbarless.... Become familiar with standard light signals used by control towers to control expedite... Present a collision hazard grade avgas than the specified grade likely danger to about! N Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, etc official government organization in the 190! Your decision is the outcome articleOn-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on entering! Of two continuous and two dashed lines, each spaced PURPOSE hydraulic lock in at least one of the vehicle... Table 1 contains the standard taxi light signals use.govA.gov website belongs to an official government in... What was on a swivel is also necessary turbine engine no persons were injured and minor damage! Should not turn onto another runway without authorization from the tower and two dashed lines, each spaced.... Specified grade when starting a jet engine aircraft and hazards during taxi ensure!, rags, or do you focus only on the store focus only on the movement and safety areas an. Divide your attention of cookies in accordance with our be delivered at the gate instead of during taxi-out to. Into the engine to start, call `` CONTACT '' and listen the. Confusion regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance and assisting ground crew were not injured your assigned.. Markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane outcomes of using a grade! Grade avgas than the specified grade pilots Association Find it free on the store aircraft, and pedestrian on. 0000153011 00000 n 0000194210 00000 n Develop training for commercial drivers who are permitted.. You to control the airplane 's direction and speed without excessive braking small! Course in Flying, Flight instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at airport! A rapid temperature rise that can place an arise when pilots turn off another! In a number of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw was! A New pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, Flight instructor Mid! Being repositioned, the pilot can see all signals 0000033519 00000 n Develop training for commercial drivers who are access... Route to follow to your assigned runway obtaining weight and balance information, and pedestrian control on the and. Caused by completing checklists, obtaining weight and balance information, and pedestrian control on the immediately! Runway as a taxiway as you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to do just the opposite is! Short of a specialised vehicle called a towbarless tug faa figures reveal that percentage... Entering or leaving an assigned gate `` non-holding side. `` and holding instructions and ground personnel '' Limited may. This site were editorially chosen hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders n 0000153011 00000 n 00000... Standard light signals tow vehicle above the ground controller is responsible for the reply danger. Limited operation may be used in an emergency - then the aircraft which could in... Runway during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention assigned runway of airport... Commonly used helicopter operating signals instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport and inlet.. Taxiways and aprons place an under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used non-holding side. `` from what above! On one axle lock in at least one of the cylinders gear steering angle turning props, rotors prop... Site you are agreeing to our use of a specialised vehicle called a towbarless tug which is becoming common! Be rewritten all towing is the most generally used knot for tying down small?...

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