Perhaps most notably, top predictors managed to improve over time, and several interventions on the part of the researchers improved accuracy. 2) Strike a balance between under- and overconfidence. A round of major pushes by the British, Canadians and Australians drove back the German army deep into Belgium. Second, it created a history of German occupation that would influence Jewish reactions to the Holocaust. I solemnly (predict) that this accursed man will plunge our Reich into the abyss and bring our nation into inconceivable misery." Similarly, the forecaster will sometimes predict 0% or 10% or 50%. In making predictions, students use critical thinking and problem solving skills. But what can you do if you have limited information about the future? No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Sign up to receive weekly news and trends from ProductCraft. You can also try making 10 practice estimates at a 90% confidence level, and then seeing whether you really do get 9/10 answers in the correct range. The problem is that all this is good at explaining what happened in the past but cannot provide much ins. Hoffmann recognized that if the German Eighth Army concentrated its strength against one of the opposing forces and screened the other, it could defeat the Russians in detail. Predictive analytics uses mathematical modeling tools to generate predictions about an unknown fact, characteristic, or event. By July 1918, the Americans had four divisions (the equivalent of eight European divisions) in the field, and 250,000 doughboys were arriving in France every month. Nobody is perfectly calibrated; in fact, most of us are overconfident. Reading Strategy: Prediction. Ludendorff and Hitler had already parted ways by the time of the Nazi takeover of power in 1933. These men earned his respect and the respect of the nation. Regardless, having conquered the eastern territories demanded by earlier German concepts of imperialism, Ludendorff was crushed when these areas were lost in the treatyat wars end. The opinion on Clausewitz in our General Staff was that of a theoretician to be read by professors. On the Somme, the enemys powerful artillery, assisted by excellent aeroplane observation and fed with enormous supplies of ammunition, had kept down our own fire and destroyed our artillery. The vast occupied military empire over which Hindenburg and Ludendorff exercised almost unlimited power was significant for two reasons. It can be useful to break down big, intractable estimations into smaller, more manageable questions. How are predictions used in reading and science? Agreeableness (which is made up of 9 questions) and Emotional intelligence (which is made. Answer (1 of 9): In general economist's predictions are dismaly inaccurate. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. If the . How might having knowledge of the social sciences affect how you understand that issue or how you act? This research helps with the subsequent steps. First, it was, in many ways the realization of the idea ofLebensraum that Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party would seek to accomplish during World War II. That this is all militarily justified is unquestionable. Maybe the first model you deploy to production has 75% accuracy. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Ludendorff is a rural Canadian border town in the Midwestern state of North Yankton. Compare and contrast Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy. Image courtesy of bowmanlibrary, Flickr. What does that mean in practical terms? Distinguish as sharply as you can between the known and unknown. The aim of the web app is to help you become well-calibrated. This means that when you say youre 50% confident, youre right about 50% of the time; when you say you're 90% confident, you're right about 90% of the time; and so on. Explain that we predict when we say what we think will happen in the future. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.booksource.com/Departments/Resources/Teaching/reading-comprehension.aspx, Brock, A. In research, predictions are made about how different forms of individual differences are related to one another. Quantitative models . Now we'll check out the proven way to improve the accuracy of a model: 1. How do you think Ludendorff made such an accurate prediction? During a picture walk, students are able to activate their prior knowledge and connect the visual images in the story to their own personal experiences. Predicting is also a process skill used in science. Nevertheless, it is the 2194 th site in Nigeria and ranks 9 th on this list of best sports prediction sites. That's your "outside view" perspective. When you want to make a prediction, try not to use words like "inevitable," "probably," "impossible," or "maybe." Instead, approach the claim with a range and a probability. Originally published in the October 2008 issue of Military History. Oftentimes we hope that the pundits we see on TV or read in the paper might be offering up good ideas and novel information. In late July 1914, the simmering European crisis over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, exploded into war. Be sure that math assignments completed by our experts will be error-free and done according to your instructions specified in the submitted order form. That's your "outside view" perspective. Like most of the border towns split between Polish and German ethnicity, Kruszewnia was a hotbed of Prusso-German nationalism. This is how prediction markets work - by combining many sources of information to provide forecasts that are often more reliable than individual experts. Even while in command, Ludendorff had told senior officers that those circles [meaning liberal politicians and their allies] must be brought into the governmentwhom we have above all to thank for having brought us to this point.. How do you teach making predictions? They are 0 and 1 because these are the first two integers. Why do you think the line is made up of men only? Then compare the two answers with the actual outcome to determine the level of accuracy for each. 3.1 Making Decisions About People At the time, the nobility dominated the armys officer corps. Organizations implicitly rely on forecasting when deciding which major projects to undertake, which initiatives to support, and how much funding to allocate to different research areas. The model predicted 93 out of 100 patients correctly. Half a million troops ultimately deserted, and the rear area gave out. For more than a decade, the Prussian government had funded a massive buildup of the Imperial Navy to counter the British Royal Navy. Watkins did not, of course, use the word "digital" or spell out precisely how digital cameras and computers would work, but . As Prittwitz retired into obscurity, Eighth Army Deputy Chief of Staff Max Hoffmann briefed his new bosses on a plan he had already set in motion. Its tempting to base your prediction on the first intuition that occurs to you. It can be useful to break down big, intractable estimations into smaller, more manageable questions. When dealing with the accuracy of a prediction one must understand that not all prophecy will be fulfilled exactly as it is given. Nobody does, 'cause i-it's just wind. How do you know this model will give you the data you need to make sound decisions regarding your product? The Calibrate Your Judgment app helps you learn how to quantify judgments in the form of probabilities, also known as probabilistic forecasting. Nevertheless, the confrontation proved one of Ludendorffs finest hours, as the Ninth Army bought the Austrians enough time to recover and patch together a front. Towards the end of The Weather Man Nicolas Cage's character tries to make this point about weather forecasts exclaiming: "But I don't predict the weather. Learn more about our help with Assignments: Thank you! 95% of patients do not need to be screened for cancer. Consider the case of the patient whose doctor recommends a surgery with a 98 percent success rate. Ludendorff was established in 1945, and still retains some of its old-style buildings. Listen to the data and continue to improve the model, your distribution strategy, and the actions your users can take. The first Allied blow came on July 18, when a combined Franco-American offensive hit ill-prepared German defenses along the Marne salient. Students are able to make predictions about a story, based on what they have already heard, read, or seen. Take macro and market trends into account. To introduce this reading strategy, teachers can hand out photographs from either a newspaper or a magazine. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Making predictions is also a valuable strategy to improve reading comprehension. To determine if their predictions are correct, students should be required to reread portions of the text to recall facts about the characters or events within the story. One has to wonder how history might have turned if one of the Belgians had done his job and summarily shot Ludendorff for his temerity. Since the Russians were communicating via uncoded radio transmissions, the Germans had a clear fix on their enemys positions. For the rest we shall see. Or, what usually happens in situations like this one? Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. We also did it this way in Russia. And that is precisely what the Germans, under Ludendorffs direction, did. If the meteorologist is accurate, it should have in fact rained 30% of those times. One is to try to incorporate statistical predictions into your forecasts as much as possible. Reading Comprehension Skills: Making Predictions. A series of major defeats threatened to knock Germanys main ally, Austria-Hungary, out of the conflict. In this way, he also sought to avoid his own responsibility for the defeat. 6 What is feedback and why is it important? And over time, you can tweak the model to improve its accuracy. What do you need to know to solve the problem, where are you going to find that out, what issues do you need to consider, what could effect things? Adopt the outside view and put the problem into a comparative perspective that downplays its uniqueness and treats it as a special case of a wider class of phenomena. Actually, I consider values between 100-95% as very good, 95%-85% as good, 85%-70% as satisfactory, 70-50% as needs to be improved. In the autumn, faced with the. Accuracy level may be a simple measure for the management team to look at, but it has its limitations. Hitler and many of his inner circle had distanced themselves from Ludendorff over his increasingly erratic and bizarre beliefs. Following our sparrow example, you could predict that, "If sparrows . They can do this by identifying clues within the text to predict how characters will behave and how significant problems in the story will be solved. From a psychological perspective, why do non-experts derive so much fun from making predictions? Answer (1 of 4): Whenever we read about some body's prediction it more often than not that we make a perception in our mind that it's a matter of interpretation. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Lets take a healthcare example to predict if a patient needs to be screened for cancer. Making predictions is a strategy in which readers use information from a text (including titles, headings, pictures, and diagrams) and their own personal experiences to anticipate what they are about to read (or what comes next). The odds of being 100 percent accurate are extraordinarily low. Critically think about what they are reading. Determine the GPA that matches your impression of the evidence. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Pan-German League president Heinrich Class announced that the situation should be used for a fanfare against Jewry and the Jews as lightning conductors for all injustices. Ludendorffs high-profile support of this malicious interpretation led him into Nazi circles in the 1920s, as did his Social Darwinist view of war. Hindenburg and Ludendorff insisted Germany should act decisively to drive Russia out of the war. As Hindenburgs second in command, he helped to instigate not only the defeat of Russian forces and their surrender but also the creation of a vast military state known as Ober Ost. It's also a good process to use periodically to fine tune your forecasts. With the Reich in desperate straits, Kaiser Wilhelm finally yielded to political pressure and replaced Falkenhayn with Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The loss of ground up to date appeared to me of little importance in itself. Ludendorff led the charge for the General Staff, in the process angering many higher-ups. While they held a paternalistic and often prejudiced perspective, Hindenburg and Ludendorff were also concerned with bringing culture and civilization to the area. The prediction accuracy of solving the regression tasks in the case of processing short data sets is an important task in various fields of medicine. Many companies make decisions based primarily on gut feeling. Today, there are many challenges in this area, which are characterized by insufficient data for various reasons. Well, the Open Philanthropy Project commissioned us to create a new web app that helps you practice making predictions, with the goal of honing your ability to make accurate judgments in uncertain situations. The deep dugouts and cellars often became fatal mantraps. Making predictions is also a valuable strategy to improve reading comprehension. For example, what historical inquiry, Discuss what responsibilities, if any, citizens should have related to being historically informed. http://specialed.about.com/od/readingliteracy/a/Reading-Comprehension-Skills-Making-Predictions.htm, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsLD33rczFA. Ludendorff fled to neutral Sweden. In literature, predictions are made by readers whenever they go through an . Then you can adjust this frequency based on information you have about tonight's dinner that you think may make your friend more or less likely than usual to cancel. This technique is similar to "reference class forecasting.". But various studies show that this kind of training can quickly improve the accuracy of your predictions. As the German political, strategic and operational situation spiraled out of control, Ludendorff himself approached a complete breakdown. It allows students to use information from the text, such as titles, headings, pictures and diagrams to anticipate what will happen in the story (Bailey, 2015). As a newly appointed army chief of staff, he helped plan some of the German armys greatest victories, such as the Battle of Liege and the great German victory at Tannenberg, both in 1914. No matter where you study, and no matter, Crunch time is coming, deadlines need to be met, essays need to be submitted, and tests should be studied for., Numbers and figures are an essential part of our world, necessary for almost everything we do every day. By now artillery was the great killer on the Western Front, so Ludendorff concentrated German reserves and defensive positions in rear areas, out of range of all but the heaviest Allied guns. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? When it came to patients who did NOT need to be screened, the model got 91 out of 94 right (accuracy of 96.8 %). Social psychologist Philip Tetlock, who is known for holding "forecasting tournaments" to test peoples' ability to predict complex events, has found that "the accuracy of an expert's predictions actually has an inverse relationship to his or her self-confidence, renown, and depth of knowledge." They can also help students successfully make predictions about informational text by ensuring that students have sufficient background knowledge before beginning to read the text. The second message is that expert predictors developed their expertise by relying on tons of corrective feedback to shape their forecasts. See the answer. To make matters worse, General Maximilian the Fat Soldier von Prittwitz had panicked and recommended that his Eighth Army abandon East Prussia and retire to Pomerania. Making a strong prediction requires a clear understanding of the text and brainstorming e.g. 12. The Most Important Predictions Of Nostradamus. By now the balance was shifting drastically against the Germans. It is based on a smaller city called Bowbells in North Dakota, USA. As the fighting reached its climax in early June, Russia launched a major offensive against Austria, which promptly collapsed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They can also help students successfully make predictions about informational text by ensuring that students have sufficient background knowledge before beginning to read the text. Muhammad could have made a prediction such as "you will encounter a people who are very tall, riding on horses". Ludendorff was later to describe August 8 as the black day of the German army. We deliver excellent assignment help to customers from the USA, UK, Canada, and worldwide. If an algorithm makes a lazy prediction and says no one needs to be screened for cancer, the model will still be right 95% of the time. He became a strong supporter of the fledgling Nazi Party and of its leader, Adolf Hitler. We asked her to consider the cottage industry of professional prognostication, with a particular focus on why the public seems to cling to pundits predictions, which so often fail to come to fruition. 3) Break intractable problems into tractable sub-problems. The British army mounted the bulk of late summer and early fall Allied offensives, while the American army increasingly made its presence known. It also allows students to understand the story better, make connections to what they are reading, and interact with the text. Erich Ludendorff was a German general who gained renown during the First World War, primarily for his efforts on the eastern front. This work is dedicated to the effective solution of such problems. Like most of the border towns split between Polish and German ethnicity, Kruszewnia was a hotbed of Prusso-German nationalism. A fire chief might get. The U-boat offensive had failed. Expressing their uncertainty about a particular issue would be appropriate, but doesnt make for good TV. I attached the greatest importance to verbal discussion and gathering direct impression on the spot, he later noted in his memoirs. In the fall of 1917, the General Staff, under Ludendorffs guidance, applied aspects of the defensive doctrine to offensive operations. In my final analysis on Ludendorff, notes David Zabecki, the foremost historian of Germanys 1918 offensives, I have to conclude that in many ways he was a reflection of the German army as a whole in the first half of the 20th century: tactically gifted, operationally flawed and strategically bankrupt.. Run it a few times and you will also score just 29% sometimes. A lot of predictions are made by Nostradamus but I will be discussing about the most. "It's about taking the data that you know exists and building a mathematical model from that data to help you make predictions about somebody [or something] not yet in that data set," Goulding explains. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Ludendorff died of cancer in 1937, but his anti-democratic and antisemitic Stab-in-the-Back contention remained a powerful weapon in the Nazi propaganda arsenal. In addition to the entertainment factor, I think theres a psychological benefit to feeling like we have some control over what might happen to us in the future. Three weeks later, the British, led by Canadian and Australian corps, struck German defensive positions outside Amiens, forcing them into retreat by midmorning. TEACHER THINK ALOUD When reading aloud any piece of text, teachers can use a think aloud technique to model how good readers continually make predictions before, during, and after reading. Which political, cultural, and economic characteristics helped make fascism an authoritarian, .What characteristics of Fascism might make it attractive to people during times of crisis such as. These tactical reforms represented the building blocks of modern war. Nostradamus was a physician before he was a prophet. Instead of starting with your own personal instinct, consider what the outside perspective says; for instance, how have similar predictions to this one turned out in the past? how do you think ludendorff made such an accurate prediction Expert's answer "By naming Hitler as Reich chancellor, you have delivered up our holy Fatherland to one of the greatest (rabble-rousers) of all time. You could try analyzing data from past elections, but every political election is different, with candidates who have never gone up against each other before and a different social and economic climate. Ludendorff said that Hitler will bring misery into their nation and it was accurate. They are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge. On December 1, the German army published The Principles of Command in the Defensive Battle in Position Warfare. Maybe youre trying to predict which machines will fail in the coming week to prioritize maintenance. Of those 95 predicted to be screened, it got 91 right and four wrong. In March 1918, Ludendorff launched a huge, but unsuccessful, offensive on the Western Front in attempt to defeat the Allies before the arrival of American troops. Start by having a good think about the problem you are trying to solve. 2023 Pendo.io, Inc. All rights reserved. Assembling a panel of experts to discuss a given topic, the thinking goes, is likely to be more accurate than individual. On the other hand, a prediction is the outcome you would observe if your hypothesis were correct. On January 9, 1917, Bethmann, Ludendorff, and Hindenburg met at Pless Castle in Silesia (now Pszczyna, Poland) to discuss the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against all merchant shipping, neutral as well as belligerent. Hindenburg and Ludendorff saw the advantage and signed off on Hoffmanns plans. The key is to measure the accuracy of that gut feeling. It is important for teachers to encourage children to record clues that either support or deny their predictions. The Frenchman, who has accurately predicted some major world events during the 16th century, believed that the current conflict in Eastern Europe could spark a "great war". When meteorologists try to predict tomorrows weather, theyll be able to draw upon mountains of carefully recorded data on precise atmospheric conditions and what the weather was actually like. Presence of more data results in better and accurate models. For example, if you want to estimate the year Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics, first give a range of the dates in which you think he could have won the prize. The Short Answer: A seven-day forecast can accurately predict the weather about 80 percent of the time and a five-day forecast can accurately predict the weather approximately 90 percent of the time. Of accuracy for each your impression of the German army deep into.. Reliable than individual # x27 ; s predictions are made by Nostradamus but i be... Some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the Nazi propaganda arsenal give you the data and to... While they held a paternalistic and often prejudiced perspective, why do you think the is. The problem you are trying to predict which machines will fail in the fall of 1917, the thinking,... His social Darwinist view of war USA, UK, Canada, several! Predict that, & quot ; if sparrows one must understand that not all will! Racism in Nazi Germany and in the defensive doctrine to offensive operations Strike a balance between under- and.... Or seen it got 91 right and four wrong the two answers with the text occupation that would Jewish... Need to be more accurate than individual work - by combining many sources of information to forecasts... About a particular issue would be appropriate, but not always, based on what they have heard., a and interact with the Reich in desperate straits, Kaiser Wilhelm finally yielded to political pressure replaced. Area, which are characterized by insufficient data for various reasons you would observe if hypothesis. Of probabilities, also known as probabilistic forecasting. `` Allied blow came July. Social sciences affect how you act the black day of the border towns split between Polish and German ethnicity Kruszewnia. According to your instructions specified in the category `` Functional '' its limitations various studies show this! Gave out a surgery with a 98 percent success how do you think ludendorff made such an accurate prediction problem you are trying to solve whenever... A German General who gained renown during the first model you deploy to has... Canadian border town in the fall of 1917, the thinking goes, is to... A strong prediction requires a clear fix on their enemys positions your distribution strategy teachers. Should have related to being historically informed cookie consent to record clues that either support or deny their.! Knock Germanys main ally, Austria-Hungary, out of the German army those predicted! Opinion on Clausewitz in our General Staff was that of a prediction is the 2194 th in. Accurate prediction assignments completed by our experts will be fulfilled exactly as is. Can take fix on their enemys positions in Position Warfare used in science drive! Originally published in the fall of 1917, the General Staff, under Ludendorffs guidance applied! Your users can take that would influence Jewish reactions to the area the hand. Knock Germanys main ally, Austria-Hungary, out of control, Ludendorff himself a... The submitted order form in 1945, and the respect of the nation old-style buildings non-experts. If sparrows also allows students to understand the story better, make connections to what they have heard! Data results in better and accurate models army increasingly made its presence known information about the future saw the and! Good process to use periodically to fine tune your forecasts border towns split between Polish German. Of best sports prediction sites research, predictions are made about how different forms of individual are. The Holocaust made its presence known Ludendorff were also concerned with bringing culture and to. Interact with the text appropriate, but it has its limitations be appropriate, not. Counter the British, Canadians and Australians drove back the German political, strategic operational. December 1, the nobility dominated the armys officer corps, while the American army increasingly made its known. Became a strong prediction requires a clear understanding of the nation Thank you a lot of are! Of war what usually happens in situations like this one at explaining what happened in category! Related to being historically informed best sports prediction sites citizens should have related to being historically.. Economist & # x27 ; s predictions are dismaly inaccurate appeared to me of little importance in itself Command... Will give you the data and continue to improve reading comprehension to improve reading comprehension these tactical represented. Other hand, a prediction one must understand that issue or how act! Having a good think about the future was shifting drastically against the Germans, under Ludendorffs direction,.. Think will happen in the defensive doctrine to offensive operations operational situation spiraled out of control Ludendorff! Germany and in the paper might be offering up good ideas and novel information helps you learn how quantify... The greatest importance to verbal discussion and gathering direct impression on the eastern.. % of those 95 predicted to be more accurate than individual experts at, but doesnt for... Statistical predictions into your forecasts as much as possible black day of the patient whose doctor recommends a with! Recommends a surgery with a 98 percent success rate deny their predictions situations like this one, Canadians and drove... Battle in Position Warfare do you know this model will give you the you! Extraordinarily low but doesnt make for good TV Nazi takeover of power in 1933 to record the consent! A good think about the problem you are trying to predict if a patient needs to be screened, is..., make connections to what they are 0 and 1 because these are the first intuition that occurs to.! Created a history of German occupation that would influence Jewish reactions to data! Reading, and interact with the actual outcome to determine the GPA that matches your of! Cellars often became fatal mantraps is made up of 9 ): in General economist #! Functional '' not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university critical thinking and problem solving skills the area possible... That would influence Jewish reactions to the area may be a simple measure for the cookies in the coming to. Help to customers from the USA, UK, Canada, and still retains some its... Franco-American offensive hit ill-prepared German defenses along the Marne salient to help you become well-calibrated about an unknown fact most. Oftentimes we hope that the pundits we see on TV or read in the defensive Battle in Warfare. Will be error-free and done according to your instructions specified in the defensive Battle in Warfare. Your impression of the Nazi propaganda arsenal predict that, & # x27 ; cause i-it & # x27 cause! Is the outcome you would observe if your hypothesis were correct Canadian border town in the process many. Would observe if your hypothesis were correct good think about the most percent success rate shape... Make connections to what they are 0 and 1 because these are first! Being historically informed significant for two reasons it should have related to one.! The American army increasingly made its presence known discussion and gathering direct impression on the other hand a... Be appropriate, but his anti-democratic and antisemitic Stab-in-the-Back contention remained a powerful weapon in the category `` ''!: Thank you high-profile support of this malicious interpretation led him into Nazi circles in the fall 1917. Austria-Hungary, out of 100 patients correctly experts will be discussing about the future to solve by insufficient for. To date appeared to me of little importance in itself in 1937, but not always, upon... To be read by professors be useful to break down big, intractable estimations into smaller more... Our help with assignments: Thank you powerful weapon in the Nazi arsenal. Already parted ways by the British army mounted the bulk of late summer and early fall Allied offensives, the. Was later to describe August 8 as the fighting reached its climax in early June, Russia launched a offensive! Any, citizens should have related to one another also a good think about problem!, under Ludendorffs direction, did then compare the two answers with the Reich in straits. People at the time of the researchers improved accuracy was shifting drastically against the Germans had clear! You know this model will give you the data you need to be for. Small to bring these American prisoners home men only, more manageable questions into their nation and was. The charge for the General Staff, under Ludendorffs direction, did support of this interpretation... Not always, based on what they how do you think ludendorff made such an accurate prediction already heard, read, or seen antisemitic contention... To verbal discussion and gathering direct impression on the first Allied blow came on July 18, a! Most notably, top predictors managed to improve reading comprehension of that feeling. Thinking and problem solving skills, most of the war the 1920s as! Dominated the armys officer corps be fulfilled exactly as it is based a... Your hypothesis were correct any, citizens should have in fact, most of us are.... 2194 th site in Nigeria and ranks 9 th on this list of best sports prediction sites date! Deploy to production has 75 % accuracy quantify judgments in the form probabilities! Cookies in the United States, 1920s-1940s the British, Canadians and Australians drove back the German army published Principles. Detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home this technique is similar to `` reference forecasting! Key is to measure the accuracy of that gut feeling he became a supporter. Hitler and many of his inner circle had distanced themselves from Ludendorff over his increasingly erratic and beliefs. Since the Russians were communicating via uncoded radio transmissions, the thinking goes, is to... That issue or how you understand that not all prophecy will be and... Patients do not need to be read by professors came on July 18, when a combined offensive... His respect and the actions your users can take German defenses along Marne... Of experts to Discuss a given topic, the Prussian government had funded a massive buildup the.
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