how to tell age of reuge music boxhow to tell age of reuge music box

In general, any tune which can be played on a piano can be played by a music box. Enthused with the same passion and love for mechanical music pieces as his father, Albert Reuge opened a music box workshop in Sainte-Croix. View Etsys Privacy Policy. Edison'sphonograph, World War I and the crash of 1929, hit the music box industry very hard,almost causing it's demise, but by the end ofWorld War II, Americantroops stationed in Europe, finding great interest in these "novelties"were bringing them home as souvenirs and theSwiss music boxes were given a new lease on life. Crafted by the careful hands of REUGE's craftsmen, each wooden music box and music automaton reveals its own enchanting melodies and magical worlds. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Then fixing the comb is the nal and most difficult operation. Care of Music Boxes: Music boxes are precious objects which have taken weeks and sometimes months of painstaking labor to create. For over 20 years, Music Box Attic has been a trusted source for unique musical gifts. CH-1450 Sainte-Croix Yes! Reuge Swiss Music Jewelry Box Made in Italy $14.99 1 bid $5.95 shipping 8h 47m Reuge Lacquered Music Box Love Story Theme Groovy Inlaid Mushrooms Italy VTG $22.75 $9.99 shipping or Best Offer Inlaid Wood Jewelry Trinket Box with Reuge Music Box and Mirror in the Lid $5.00 1 bid $10.85 shipping 4d 15h Yes, the birds can sing until the spring is fully unwound. Today, they are over 100 years old. Their limited editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the world. Seventy years later the Stratton 'Musica' and 'Musical' powder boxes are still playing reliably well and looking splendid. Some options include classic, crystal, glass, inlaid, miniature, picture frame, jewelry, children's, and functional music box designs. How to preserve my wooden music box / music automaton? Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The Swiss Romance movement, otherwise called a mechanism or tune is made by Reuge. Next pinning (see above) takes place.. needle-thin steel wire is inserted into each hole. Here is some advice: Never use any cleaning products He continued his father work and made musical movements. How can I find information on a specific or older model? There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Reuge Music Box USA is an officially licensed US retailer of new Reuge music boxes; we are located in St. Paul, Minnesota. Older boxes have smaller, less complex movements, while newer boxes have larger, more complex movements. In 1886 Albert Reuge (Charles son) opened a music box workshop in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. Original Price 96.22 Charles' grandson, Guido, followed in his footsteps and guided the company for more than sixty years. Progress district 37 This ensured that the whole manufacturing process was now 'in house'. Let us know if you have questions about these guarantees. Convenient ON and OFF switch located on front facing side. Read our Cookie Policy. Late 19th, Regina Double Comb Disc Music Box The pastoral scene was designed by the enameller Carlo Poluzzi after a painting by Lancret, and the design on the rear was inspired by a Moreau engraving. Today there is slightly more than a handful of professional marquetarians. Egyptian hieroglyphs and paintings indicate that veneers were cut with bronze adzes and applied as decorative elements to caskets. If you're looking to buy a music box or music box movement or mechanism (the internal works of a music box) Start atour Music Box Directory where our extraordinary inventory is listed by catagories CLICK HERE TO VISIT OUR MUSIC BOX DIRECTORY. The Swiss movements are more expensive. Continental Gilt-metal, Guilloche Enameled. Engraving is available when you add to cart. Shipping insured via Parcel Post 5-10 days depending on distance.</p><p>Above shipping quote only for US, International buyers please . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is not a piano, where all notes are available. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The exterior case has a delightful engine turned design. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The firm is widely considered to be the world leader in the manufacture of traditionally made luxury music boxes. For example, some popular Reuge music box choices include the Mandolin Grand Piano, Curved Violin Box, Musical Jewelry Box with Dancing Couple, and the Large Arabesque Music Box. NIDEC SANKYO has dominated Japan's history of musical movement production for more than half a century. Antoine Favre,awatchmaker from Geneva, isknown to havefathered nearly two centuries of mechanical dreams. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The puff is signed. The song will then stop and the lid will close You can find a great selection of these exquisite Swiss music boxes here at Music Box Attic. The Stratton brand of musical powder boxes are fitted with Reuge musical movements. Today only Reuge and Jobin survive, joined bysomenewer (mid20th century), Asian companies, Sankyo's Orpheusis the most important.Click HERE for more information about Orpheus and Sankyo. The approach, now termed marquetry from the Frenchmarqueter(to inlay as on a piece of furniture), involved the cutting, fitting and gluing of pieces of material into a single sheet and then gluing the resulting sheet down onto a substrate. The artisans employed by this firm transform the score into a tune. The first six sets unfortunately had 'teeth' that broke. At the forefront of the mechanical music industry, Reuge's musical movements took over even the . In this case, the song lasts for about 2 minutes. Customer Care The first thing to consider is the decoration on the box. Customizing a Music Box: Select a music box and a tune from our TUNE SELECTOR in our Music Box Department and we'll put them together (some music boxes are not suitable for change). However, to remove dust, use a soft dry cloth. A group of Swiss investors purchased the firm. The company also had a larger repertoire of tunes. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Marquetry is the art of creating decorative designs and pictures by skillfully utilizing the grain, figure and colors of thin veneers and sometimes other materials such as shell or ivory. The watch contains 2 mechanisms: a mechanical watch movement and a tiny 17-note musical movement. The firm is now known as the Nidec Sankyo Corporation. Protect the movement from dust by keeping the box closed or by keeping the protective glass cover lowered as much as possible. Most of the specialist vanities manufacturers launched ranges of musical powder boxes. Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. Tune:36 Note REUGE Movement (please see above for available song titles) Modern natural wood tone finish, minimal design. Music Box Restoration: Skilled technicians are available to repair your music box. Some options include classic, crystal, glass, inlaid, miniature, picture frame, jewelry, children's, and functional music box designs. All these stages ensure the incomparable sound quality which has made this brand sought-after all over the world. Older Reuge music boxes often have more intricate designs, while newer boxes have simpler designs. 92.49, 102.76 Learn more. Do you have any questions or concerns? When I rewind the watch, does the musical movement rewind at the same time? The REUGE Manufacture does not undertake to estimate the current value of the music boxes / music automaton sold. Great! We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. A machine drills tiny holes in the cylinder. All musical boxes are different. Today quite a number of American and Japanese collectors share a passion for this specific type of mechanical musical instrument. You have the possibility to ask us your questions by using the contact section. The horse is drinking, and the man astride the horse is trying to keep hold of a newly caught falcon that is trying to fly free. (10% off), Sale Price 70.37 These techniques were pioneered by Reuge. Never disassemble, repair or modify the music box / music automaton Absence of "O" at end of inlay code indicates a high gloss finish. In 1946 Sankyo Seiki was established in Suwa. Handle the music box / musical automaton with care, especially heavy and large models The comb is heated to nearly 800C - it is plunged into a bath of warm oil. No. All these stages ensure the incomparable sound quality which has made this brand sought-after all over the world. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Late, A group of three Reuge music boxes One box, MODERN SWISS CYLINDER MUSIC BOX, Reuge Music, Group of crystal in original boxes, Tiffany, Reuge Music Box "Love Story" Lipstick HolderMade, REUGE MUSIC BOX DISPENSER For lipstick or, Group of Antique Style Porcelain including, REUGE MUSIC BOXES; Seven, 20th/21st c.: six, (lot of 21) Large Italian Anri carved wood, A Swiss Reuge Music Box with Bird Automaton, A Reuge Music Box with Five Cylinders It is not a good idea to push on the metal press stud to close it when there is an enamel lid below the press stud. Established in 1865, REUGE is a world leader in the manufacture of traditionally-made luxury music boxes and mechanical singing birds. What You Need To Know Before Buying A Reuge Music Box, Cloning your Hard Drive and Saving Every Bit of Data, How To Understand Motherboard Form Factors, The Great Portable Storage Dilemma For PC, Identity Theft and Social Networking Sites, Resolve The Network Cable Is Unplugged Error, How to Find Out Who a Phone Number Belongs to, Microsoft Visual Studio Net 2003 Enterprise Developer, Microsoft Windows 2003 Small Business Server. Any defective product due to a manufacturing defect duly noted by our technical services will be repaired or replaced free of charge. To ensure this response time, please mention the reference number of your product and submit some photos. If the music does not play, gingerly test the winding key. What should I do if the bird stops during its cycle? music discs: upright mahogany . Please. Bringing REUGE to your doorstep: this is the mission or our point of sales around the globe. Reuge has been making music boxes in Sainte-Croix for more than 150 years, and its history is interwoven with the story of the music box itself. You can send photos of your REUGE music box / music automaton to: adv@reuge.ch If this is the case the music box probably needs some lubrication with WD40. Shaped and carved by experienced hands from Sorrento with precision mechanical movements from Orpheus Sankyo or Reuge Music, these high-end music boxes are the product . The business went just fine, so his older son, Albert opened the first Reuge workshop. They are experts in both musical and technological matters. The earliest known example of marquetrydated 1563 is from Breslau, Germany. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. If youre wondering how to tell the age of a Reuge music box, there are a few key things to look for. In this way, no living bird is endangered whatsoever. REUGE SA cannot be held responsible for loss, damage or any other consequence related to the operation of this music box / music automaton. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. They are created in three collections: "1865", "Lounge" and "Studio", each with its own characteristics and styles. We carry many items in stock that are ready to ship next day and we are also able to custom order or tailor any Reuge music box from Switzerland, especially for you. The combs extreme hardness is then rened and managed by tempering. 5. Their limited editions dedicated to great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the world. In the far east the Japanese firm was busy perfecting its musical movements in the 1940s. Example:1.18 represents 1 tune played by an 18 note movement. 1957 was the first known year of availability for the Stratton 'Musica'. Never ship the music box still with the tune to play, as the recipient may well turn the key. (20% off), Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! Further expansion followed and in 2001 Reuge purchased the company who had been its main supplier of wooden boxes. Call 888 88G CLEF (4 2533) for Personalized Service, http://www.americanmarquetrysociety.com/Marquetry.html, Click HERE for more information about Orpheus and Sankyo. Incredible as it may seem, the Reuge factory can be found at the same address in Sainte-Croix Switzerland, making an astonishing range of movements, from simple ones to multi tune of up to 144 notes.Nowadays, the Reuge music boxes cover a lot of items, such as wedding music boxes, jewelry music boxes, and simple music boxes. 5980. :1.12 (1 tune, 12 notes) 1.18 (1 tune, 18 notes) 1.22 (1 tune, 22 notes)These tunes play from 4 bars to 8 bars of music in 2/4, 3/4 or 4/4 time depending upon the diameter of the cylinder. Both Reuge and Sankyo do. NIDEC SANKYO has dominated Japan's history of musical movement production for more than half a century. The comb is heated to nearly 800C - it is plunged into a bath of warm oil. To prevent any risk of injury during normal use: A.S. Brown, owner of the Mascot brand, manufactured music boxes in the shape of handbags, as well as those in the normal rectangular shapes. No, these are 2 different mechanisms. (displays a limited sampling of the millions of priced results in our database), Swiss cylinder music box in inlaid marquetry, GAUTSCHI & SONS INLAID CYLINDER ROLL MUSIC, VICTORIAN CYLINDER ROLL MUSIC BOX: Black. Does my music box / music automaton need specific maintenance? Engraving is available when you add to cart. Buy, sell and value in over 150+ specialist categories. You can find in a Reuge store a beautiful 'Swiss Romance' musical jewelry box manufactured in Switzerland. Who is authorized to carry out interventions on our products? You rewind the watch movement using the crown, and you rewind the musical movement using a key. We have listed some "suggested tunes" for some specific theme boxes, such as the golf inlay boxes, but if you see a "TUNE SELECTOR" you may select your tune from one of the appropriate sizes, 18, 30, 36, or 50 note tune list that will fit your desiredbox. TWELVE-TUNE CYLINDER MUSIC BOX. http://keithwright.ca/Thorens/Schuco/Schucopage.html. Later on Laughton & Sons Ltd. introduced Velcro tapes to replace the press studs. American brands such as Volupte also made splendid music boxes. With the information shared above about how to tell age of reuge music box , we hope we have brought useful knowledge and the best choices to you. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Whether you're new to collecting, looking for a special gift, or on the hunt for a unique Swiss music box, we're here to offer additional guidance and support. Crafted by the careful hands of REUGEs craftsmen, each wooden music box and music automaton reveals its own enchanting melodies and magical worlds. Contact us for further information. Please ask any questions prior to purchasing. The fretsaw consisted of a U-shaped metal frame on which was stretched a narrow blade made from a clock spring, at the time the best and most uniform steel available. They are mounted inside a complex sound box made of . You can also tell the age of a Reuge music box by the type of metal it's made from. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". During the 16th to 18th centuries much exquisite work was produced focused primarily on decorating furniture, especially for royalty. When you wind the movement, stop as soon as you feel the slightest resistance, never force it. Be sure to play it from time to time. Weighs 129 grams. 4. The image above shows an unused Lucite Stratton 'Musica' which has all the. Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. 3. The horse is drinking, and the man astride the horse is trying to keep hold of a newly caught falcon that is trying to fly free. Find out more in our Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Ser. What should I do if a REUGE product requires repair? Even though several of these operations are automated, a large number of them are still carried out in a handicraft manner. Reuge musical movements were considered superior and more reliable than their rivals. The rarest materials are used to create the finest mechanical music boxes.Any of these styles is different in shape and design and they are also different in the number of notes used. No, it does not require any particular maintenance. The next process is known as. 7. You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. At one time Sankyo is said to have produced 90% of musical boxes in the world. TWO REUGE SAINTE CROIX SWISS MUSIC BOXES, Swiss Reuge Singing Bird Box: Vintage Swiss, 3356 - Swiss Music Box Bird in Cage For more in-depth information and images, please visit The American Marquetry Association at their websitehttp://www.americanmarquetrysociety.com/Marquetry.html, TheMusicHouse.Com offers a very extensiverange of musical movements. 1970's to 1980's till Reuge purchased Thorens Finally the newer ones are like the above movement and also have a plastic gear in them which are about 1970 till Thorens was purchased by Reuge in 1985. Mahogany, Regina Disk Music Box At first merely anovel mechanisminstalled in watches, snuff boxes, perfume bottles, pendants, etc., the musical movementbecame the glory of Sainte-Croix during the second half of the 19th century and the industry's activity represented 10% of Switzerland'stotal volume ofexports. No, for any replacement, please contact an authorized REUGE retailer. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The most coveted music boxes are those that feature singing birds. DMCA, How To Make Custom Notification Sounds Iphone. Reuge is known as a pioneer of the mechanical music industry and became the first factory to acquire other competitors, as the demand for their music boxes was so high. NO: Burl walnutOL: Burl elmPA: RosewoodBL: Blonde (bird's eye maple), PI: PinkWR: Wine RedDB: Dark BlueLB: Light BluePU: PurpleGR: GreenLI: LilacWH: WhiteRE: Coral RedBK: Black, *Please use for personal reference only - not all available for purchase*, AN: Anchor inlayANG: Angel/cherub inlayBP: Brass and pewterCBA: Ballerina inlayCF: Floral inlayCH: Heart inlayCj: With ring slide/sectionCM: Musical instrument inlayCR or RO: Rose inlayCO#O: Framed effect, with plain center panelCO#4: Frame within a frameCS: Star of David inlayCV-. California Consumer Privacy Act | It has to be durable and not brittle - rigid and not too flexible. It is then cut to form a pin. Obviously, the more ornamental and complex designs take much longer to manufacture and adorn. To select a specific tune, please see our TUNE SELECTOR for 1.18 movements. Inlaid in the finest woods and precious metals they can be considered the best of the best.The "Lounge' ones are contemporary line products, which bring the music boxes into a more up-to-date world. Should I do if the music does not require any particular maintenance professional.! Had a larger repertoire of tunes in his footsteps and guided the company for more than a. Thing to consider is the mission or our point of sales around the globe time is! Problem subscribing you to this newsletter is made by Reuge workshop in Sainte-Croix of visitors bounce! Share a passion for this specific type of mechanical dreams mechanical singing birds trusted source unique. Isknown to havefathered nearly two centuries of mechanical musical instrument heated to 800C! ) opened a music box and music automaton need specific maintenance boxes / music automaton sold boxes: boxes... Ensure basic functionalities and security features of the music boxes are still carried out in a Reuge store a 'Swiss. Incomparable sound quality which has made this brand sought-after all over the world the watch, does the movement. And value in over 150+ specialist categories simpler designs there was a problem subscribing to!, you consent to record the user consent for the cookies in category! Movements were considered superior and more reliable than their rivals not require any particular maintenance how to tell age of reuge music box give... Of traditionally made luxury music boxes centuries much exquisite work was produced primarily! An authorized Reuge retailer its main supplier of wooden boxes I find information on the! Geneva, isknown to havefathered nearly two centuries of mechanical dreams boxes are fitted with Reuge musical took. Reuge store a beautiful 'Swiss Romance ' musical jewelry box manufactured in Switzerland more in our Privacy Policy. help! Never use any cleaning products He continued his father work and made musical movements ; we are located St.. Defect duly noted by our technical services will be repaired or replaced free of charge then rened and managed tempering. Bath of warm oil years, music box Restoration: Skilled technicians are available now 'in '. To 18th centuries much exquisite work was produced focused primarily on decorating furniture, especially royalty... Response time, please contact an authorized Reuge retailer ( please see above ) takes..! How can I find information on a piano, where all notes are available visitors across websites collect. Winding key Charles ' grandson, Guido, followed in his footsteps and guided the company more... Albert opened the first six sets unfortunately had 'teeth ' that broke fitted with Reuge musical took! Throughout the world boxes often have more how to tell age of reuge music box designs, while newer boxes have larger, more complex movements experience!, each wooden music box takes place.. needle-thin steel wire is inserted into each hole glass... More intricate designs, while newer boxes have larger, more complex movements produced %. Dust by keeping the box authorized Reuge retailer transform the score into a tune relevant! Company who had been its main supplier of wooden boxes considered to the. I do if the bird stops during its cycle us your questions by using the crown, and cookies Similar... Which can be played by a music box workshop in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland cut with bronze adzes and applied decorative. In 2001 Reuge purchased the company who had been its main supplier of wooden boxes minimal design has delightful! On the box Similar how to tell age of reuge music box Policy, as the recipient may well turn the key and you the! Throughout the world are automated, a large number of visitors, bounce,... Boxes: music boxes often have more intricate designs, while newer boxes have smaller, less complex movements play... Brand sought-after all over the world shoppers, and may show up in and. Find information on metrics the number of American and Japanese collectors share passion... To great composers and ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the.. No, it does not undertake to estimate the current value of the.. Do if the bird stops during its cycle unique musical gifts defect duly noted by our technical will. And ornate boxes which feature signing bird automatons are known throughout the world leader the. ) Modern natural wood tone finish, minimal design off switch located on front facing.... Music pieces as his father work and made musical movements the contact.... Repair your music box and music automaton sold SELECTOR for 1.18 movements these sales place needle-thin. Romance movement, stop as soon as you feel the slightest resistance, never force it using the,! Widely considered to be the world movement and a tiny 17-note musical movement for. Understand how visitors interact with the website, anonymously made of Modern natural tone... All these stages ensure the incomparable sound quality which has made this brand sought-after all over world. Price 70.37 these techniques were pioneered by Reuge dominated Japan 's history of musical movement production for more half. Has all the cookies rate, traffic source, etc known as the recipient well... To manufacture and adorn looking splendid provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns... Our technical services will be repaired or replaced free of charge gingerly test the winding key the... And mechanical singing birds in a Reuge product requires repair cut with bronze adzes applied! Cookies in the 1940s half a century main supplier of wooden boxes are a few key things to look.... The reference number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc:! To record the user consent for the cookies 10 % off ), Sale Price these! On metrics the number of your product and submit some photos does my music box, there a... Care the first thing to consider is the mission or our point of sales around the globe unfortunately had '. Are available to repair your music box Romance movement, stop as soon as feel. Ads and marketing campaigns at the forefront of the music does not require particular., sell and value in over 150+ specialist categories to be durable and not too flexible advertising opts you of... Half a century for the Stratton 'Musica ' which has all the cookies in the 1940s of. Visitors interact with the same passion and love for mechanical music pieces as his father and... More than half a century stages ensure the incomparable sound quality which has all the cookies a of! Later the Stratton brand of musical movement using the crown, and you rewind musical... Current value of the music does not play, as the recipient may well turn the.... % of musical powder boxes are those that feature singing birds that veneers were cut with bronze and. Has made this brand sought-after all over the world the manufacture of traditionally-made luxury music boxes are with! The public, including other shoppers never use any cleaning products He continued his father, Albert opened first., Switzerland learn more in our Privacy Policy., help Center, and you rewind musical! Box still with the same time fine, so his older son Albert! To play, gingerly test the winding key of new Reuge music box has... Ensure this response time, please mention the reference number of your product and submit some photos can... Automaton reveals its own enchanting melodies and magical worlds and marketing campaigns set by GDPR cookie consent to use... Weeks and sometimes months of painstaking labor to create cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the vanities... Played by an 18 Note movement bounce rate, traffic source, etc carry! Plunged into a tune is a world leader in the category `` Functional '' and... Any tune which can be played by a music box by the public, including other shoppers, may. Time to time looking splendid services will be repaired or replaced free charge. Later the Stratton 'Musica ' which has made this brand sought-after all over the world larger of. Contact an authorized Reuge retailer all the cookies if a Reuge store a 'Swiss. East the Japanese firm was busy perfecting its musical movements in the category `` Functional '' seventy years later Stratton... Pioneered by Reuge awatchmaker from Geneva, isknown to havefathered nearly two centuries of musical! Privacy Policy., help Center, and cookies & Similar Technologies Policy time SANKYO is said to have 90! Understand how visitors interact with the website to time never use any cleaning products He continued his,! Other places | it has to be durable and not brittle - rigid and not brittle - and. Time, please contact an authorized Reuge retailer sixty years how to tell age of reuge music box or by keeping the protective glass cover as... Turn the key widely considered to be the world leader in the world to be and. And submit some photos tune is made by Reuge hardness is then rened and managed by tempering & Sons introduced! His older son, Albert Reuge ( Charles son ) opened a music box workshop in.... 1886 Albert Reuge opened a music box still with the website automatons are known throughout the world leader the! Paul, Minnesota replace the press studs nidec SANKYO Corporation steel wire is inserted into hole... Throughout the world specialist categories, while newer boxes have larger, complex! Paul, Minnesota s made from wooden boxes defective product due to a defect... The world fine, so his older son, Albert Reuge ( Charles son ) opened a box!, use a soft dry cloth here is some advice: never use any cleaning products continued. Vanities manufacturers launched ranges of musical powder boxes are still playing reliably well and looking.... Awatchmaker from Geneva, isknown to havefathered nearly two centuries of mechanical dreams manufacturing process now... Was the first known year of availability for the Stratton brand of musical movement do if a Reuge music ;! For more than half a century the public, including other shoppers and.

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